Table 1 General characteristics of study subjects

Social Isolation and withdrawal

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 Isolation (only)

148

80

(54.1)

68

(45.9)

175

107

(61.1)

68

(38.9)

 Withdrawal (only)

41

20

(48.8)

21

(51.2)

50

25

(50.0)

25

(50.0)

 Isolation and withdrawal

38

25

(65.8)

13

(34.2)

46

23

(50.0)

23

(50.0)

 No

2,453

630

(25.7)

1,823

(74.3)

2,574

603

(23.4)

1,971

(76.6)

Age

0.0353

0.4877

 19 ~ 24

323

75

(23.2)

248

(76.8)

353

106

(30.0)

247

(70.0)

 25 ~ 29

668

211

(31.6)

457

(68.4)

1,042

279

(26.8)

763

(73.2)

 30 ~ 34

790

227

(28.7)

563

(71.3)

740

191

(25.8)

549

(74.2)

 35 ~ 39

899

242

(26.9)

657

(73.1)

698

182

(26.1)

516

(73.9)

Education

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 Middle school or below

28

19

(67.9)

9

(32.1)

17

13

(76.5)

4

(23.5)

 High school

592

189

(31.9)

403

(68.1)

522

198

(37.9)

324

(62.1)

 College and above

2,060

547

(26.6)

1,513

(73.4)

2,294

547

(23.8)

1,747

(76.2)

Socioeconomic level*

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 Low

828

268

(32.4)

560

(67.6)

882

291

(33.0)

591

(67.0)

 Middle

1,293

311

(24.1)

982

(75.9)

1,390

308

(22.2)

1,082

(77.8)

 High

522

158

(30.3)

364

(69.7)

518

136

(26.3)

382

(73.7)

 No answer

37

18

(48.6)

19

(51.4)

43

23

(53.5)

20

(46.5)

Health Condition

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 Bad

351

186

(53.0)

165

(47.0)

428

228

(53.3)

200

(46.7)

 Average

1,119

293

(26.2)

826

(73.8)

1,214

281

(23.1)

933

(76.9)

 Good

1,210

276

(22.8)

934

(77.2)

1,191

249

(20.9)

942

(79.1)

Residential status

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 Homeownership

1,305

316

(24.2)

989

(75.8)

1,292

294

(22.8)

998

(77.2)

 Rental

1,375

439

(31.9)

936

(68.1)

1,541

464

(30.1)

1,077

(69.9)

live alone

0.435

0.2499

 Yes

549

162

(29.5)

387

(70.5)

616

176

(28.6)

440

(71.4)

 No

2,131

593

(27.8)

1,538

(72.2)

2,217

582

(26.3)

1,635

(73.7)

Outdoor activity

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 Often

2,310

617

(26.7)

1,693

(73.3)

2,409

584

(24.2)

1,825

(75.8)

 Sometimes

290

98

(33.8)

192

(66.2)

348

136

(39.1)

212

(60.9)

 Never

80

40

(50.0)

40

(50.0)

76

38

(50.0)

38

(50.0)

Internet activity

0.034

0.9693

 Yes

1,549

412

(26.6)

1,137

(73.4)

1,549

414

(26.7)

1,135

(73.3)

 No

1,131

343

(30.3)

788

(69.7)

1,284

344

(26.8)

940

(73.2)

Previous Experience of Isolation or withdrawal

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 Yes

1,764

616

(34.9)

1,148

(65.1)

1,985

634

(31.9)

1,351

(68.1)

 No

916

139

(15.2)

777

(84.8)

848

124

(14.6)

724

(85.4)

Negative experience before adulthood

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 Yes

1,378

692

(50.2)

686

(49.8)

2,157

710

(32.9)

1,447

(67.1)

 No

1,302

63

(4.8)

1,239

(95.2)

676

48

(7.1)

628

(92.9)

Negative Experiences in adulthood

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 Yes

2,004

694

(34.6)

1,310

(65.4)

2,250

711

(31.6)

1,539

(68.4)

 No

676

61

(9.0)

615

(91.0)

583

47

(8.1)

536

(91.9)

Use of mental health medication

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 Yes

231

170

(73.6)

61

(26.4)

242

152

(62.8)

90

(37.2)

 No

2,449

585

(23.9)

1,864

(76.1)

2,591

606

(23.4)

1,985

(76.6)

Duration of isolation*

0.0653

< 0.0001

 < 1 year

99

36

(36.4)

63

(63.6)

89

27

(30.3)

62

(69.7)

 1 year ~ < 3 years

47

17

(36.2)

30

(63.8)

57

25

(43.9)

32

(56.1)

 ≥ 3 year

133

71

(53.4)

62

(46.6)

125

89

(71.2)

36

(28.8)

 No answer

2,401

2,562

Duration of withdrawal*

0.4494

0.0381

 < 1 year

142

46

(32.4)

96

(67.6)

193

69

(35.8)

124

(64.2)

 1 year ~ < 3 years

98

36

(36.7)

62

(63.3)

117

45

(38.5)

72

(61.5)

 ≥ 3 year

130

56

(43.1)

74

(56.9)

114

60

(52.6)

54

(47.4)

 No answer

2,310

2,409