Table 4 Subgroup analysis stratified by negative experiences

Negative experience before adulthood†

 No

1.00

1.00

 Sudden economic hardship within the household

1.03

0.840.-1.26)

1.46

(1.20-1.77)

 Severe physical punishment or verbal abuse by a parent or caregiver

2.11

(1.72-2.58)

2.01

(1.66-2.44)

 Emotional distress (such as anxiety or depression) in a family member

1.94

(1.59-2.37)

1.82

(1.50-2.22)

 The loss of a close person

1.49

(1.22-1.45)

1.87

(1.55-2.27)

 Frequent relocations or school transfers

1.73

(1.40-2.13)

2.00

(1.63-2.45)

 Instances of bullying or social exclusion within school or the community

2.79

(2.27-3.42)

1.66

(1.37-2.01)

Negative experience in adulthood†

 No

1.00

1.00

 Discontinue education due to financial constraints

4.08

(3.06-5.44)

3.10

(2.32-4.15)

 Career coercion or employment pressure from a close person

2.94

(2.37-3.64)

2.87

(2.34-3.51)

 Failure in university entrance

1.68

(1.21-2.33)

1.45

(1.04-2.02)

 Failure to secure desired employment

1.26

(1.02-1.57)

1.22

(0.98-1.52)

 Deception or betrayal by a trusted individual

1.73

(1.41-2.12)

2.02

(1.66-2.47)

 Loss of a close relationship (separation, death)

1.36

(1.11-1.67)

1.58

(1.29-1.94)